Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.

Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) is a prominent mediator of neurotransmitters which elevate Ca2+. It coordinates cellular responses to external stimuli by phosphorylating proteins involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, neurotransmitter release, carbohydrate metabolism, ion flux and neuronal plasticity. Structure/function studies of CaM kinase have provided insights into how it decodes Ca2+ signals. The kinase is kept relatively inactive in its basal state by the presence of an autoinhibitory domain. Binding of Ca2+/calmodulin eliminates this inhibitory constraint and allows the kinase to phosphorylate its substrates, as well as itself. This autophosphorylation significantly slows dissociation of calmodulin, thereby trapping calmodulin even when Ca2+ levels are subthreshold. The kinase may respond particularly well to multiple Ca2+ spikes since trapping may enable a spike frequency-dependent recruitment of calmodulin with each successive Ca2+ spike leading to increased activation of the kinase. Once calmodulin dissociates, CaM kinase remains partially active until it is dephosphorylated, providing for an additional period in which its response to brief Ca2+ transients is potentiated.