A novel mutation in DNA topoisomerase I of yeast causes DNA damage and RAD9-dependent cell cycle arrest.

DNA topoisomerases, enzymes that alter the superhelicity of DNA, have been implicated in such critical cellular functions as transcription, DNA replication, and recombination. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a null mutation in the gene encoding topoisomerase I (TOP1) causes elevated levels of mitotic recombination in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), but has little effect on growth. We have isolated a missense mutation in TOP1 that causes mitotic hyper-recombination not only in the rDNA, but also at other loci, in addition to causing a number of other unexpected phenotypes. This topoisomerase I mutation (top1-103) causes slow growth, constitutive expression of DNA damage-inducible genes, and inviability in the absence of the double-strand break repair system. Overexpression of top1-103 causes RAD9-dependent cell cycle arrest in G2. We show that the Top1-103 enzyme nicks DNA in vitro, suggesting that it damages DNA directly. We propose that Top1-103 mimics the action of wild-type topoisomerase I in the presence of the anti-tumor drug, camptothecin.