OBJECTIVE: Although many reports have documented when ossification centers can first be visualized on radiographs, few studies have evaluated the position of the ossification center within its cartilaginous anlage. In the skeletally immature child, the ossification centers of the tarsals are used to evaluate the positions of the tarsals and their interrelationships. It is convenient to assume that tarsal ossification begins in the center of its cartilaginous anlage and proceeds in a radial fashion; however, this may not be the case. Accordingly, we used MR imaging to evaluate the location of the ossification centers of the tarsals within their cartilaginous anlage in the mid and hindfoot in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR studies of 69 feet in 40 children, 3 months to 7 years old (mean, 2.5 years), were reviewed retrospectively. The location of the ossification center within its cartilaginous anlage and the percentage of ossification of the cartilaginous anlagen of the talus, calcaneus, cuboid bone, and navicular bone were determined from coronal and sagittal images. In the talus, the difference between the orientation of the long axis of its ossification center and the long axis of its cartilaginous anlage was measured on coronal and sagittal images. RESULTS: Early talar ossification was centered on the neck of the talus; the proximal aspect of the bone ossified last. The long axis of the talar ossification center and the long axis of its cartilaginous anlage differed in orientation. Early calcaneal ossification was centered on the distal two thirds of the cartilaginous anlage of the calcaneus; the proximal aspect and the area of the subtalar joint ossified last. Early navicular ossification was centered on the central or lateral third of the navicular cartilaginous anlage; the medial aspect ossified last. The ossification center of the cuboid bone was in the middle of the cuboidal cartilaginous anlage. CONCLUSION: Our results show that early ossification in the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones does not begin in the center of the bones' cartilaginous anlagen. The orientations of the long axis of the talar ossification center and the long mid axis of its cartilaginous anlage are different. Therefore, part of the changes in the alignment of the tarsals seen on radiographs with growth is due to ossification beginning and proceeding eccentrically within the cartilaginous anlage and not to a true change in the alignment of the tarsals. These data provide new information about the normal development of the child's hindfoot and midfoot.
OBJECTIVE: Although many reports have documented when ossification centers can first be visualized on radiographs, few studies have evaluated the position of the ossification center within its cartilaginous anlage. In the skeletally immature child, the ossification centers of the tarsals are used to evaluate the positions of the tarsals and their interrelationships. It is convenient to assume that tarsal ossification begins in the center of its cartilaginous anlage and proceeds in a radial fashion; however, this may not be the case. Accordingly, we used MR imaging to evaluate the location of the ossification centers of the tarsals within their cartilaginous anlage in the mid and hindfoot in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR studies of 69 feet in 40 children, 3 months to 7 years old (mean, 2.5 years), were reviewed retrospectively. The location of the ossification center within its cartilaginous anlage and the percentage of ossification of the cartilaginous anlagen of the talus, calcaneus, cuboid bone, and navicular bone were determined from coronal and sagittal images. In the talus, the difference between the orientation of the long axis of its ossification center and the long axis of its cartilaginous anlage was measured on coronal and sagittal images. RESULTS: Early talar ossification was centered on the neck of the talus; the proximal aspect of the bone ossified last. The long axis of the talar ossification center and the long axis of its cartilaginous anlage differed in orientation. Early calcaneal ossification was centered on the distal two thirds of the cartilaginous anlage of the calcaneus; the proximal aspect and the area of the subtalar joint ossified last. Early navicular ossification was centered on the central or lateral third of the navicular cartilaginous anlage; the medial aspect ossified last. The ossification center of the cuboid bone was in the middle of the cuboidal cartilaginous anlage. CONCLUSION: Our results show that early ossification in the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones does not begin in the center of the bones' cartilaginous anlagen. The orientations of the long axis of the talar ossification center and the long mid axis of its cartilaginous anlage are different. Therefore, part of the changes in the alignment of the tarsals seen on radiographs with growth is due to ossification beginning and proceeding eccentrically within the cartilaginous anlage and not to a true change in the alignment of the tarsals. These data provide new information about the normal development of the child's hindfoot and midfoot.
Authors: J J Beck; S N Sangiorgio; M H Jew; T Marcum; S D Cooper; E Ebramzadeh; L E Zionts Journal: J Child Orthop Date: 2017-12-01 Impact factor: 1.548