Advances in measures of psychodynamic formulations.

Recently published methods are reviewed to assess dynamic formulations derived from psychodynamic case material, especially those methods that emphasize central maladaptive interpersonal patterns. These methods are divided into those that yield psychometric data based on samples that are at least of moderate size and those in which the measures are derived from case studies. The psychometric properties of the first group of measures are reviewed, including interjudge reliability, internal consistency, and content, predictive, and concurrent validity. This article then examines how the measures have addressed and could address the question of construct validity. Also discussed are issues involving the comparison of the methods, particularly their importance for examining specific hypotheses in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Concrete suggestions are made for future research.