Estimated acid dissociation constants of the Schiff base, Asp-85, and Arg-82 during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.

The pK(a) values of D85 in the wild-type and R82Q, as well as R82A recombinant bacteriorhodopsins, and the Schiff base in the D85N, D85T, and D85N/R82Q proteins, have been determined by spectroscopic titrations in the dark. They are used to estimate the coulombic interaction energies and the pK(a) values of the Schiff base, D85, and R82 during proton transfer from the Schiff base to D85, and the subsequent proton release to the bulk in the initial part of the photocycle. The pK(a) of the Schiff base before photoexcitation is calculated to be in effect only 5.3-5.7 pH units higher than that of D85; overcoming this to allow proton transfer to D85 requires about two thirds of the estimated excess free energy retained after absorption of a photon. The proton release on the extracellular surface is from an unidentified residue whose pK(a) is lowered to about 6 after deprotonation of the Schiff base (Zimanyi, L., G. Varo, M. Chang, B. Ni, R. Needleman, and J.K. Lanyi, 1992. Biochemistry. 31:8535-8543). We calculate that the pK(a) of the R82 is 13.8 before photoexcitation, and it is lowered after proton exchange between the Schiff base and D85 only by 1.5-2.3 pH units. Therefore, coulombic interactions alone do not appear to change the pK(a) of R82 as much and D85 only by 1.5-2.3 pH units. Therefore, coulombic interactions alone do not appear to change the pK(a) of R82 as much as required if it were the proton release group.