Safety of transvenous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy guided by two-dimensional echocardiography.

A total of 231 endomyocardial biopsy procedures performed in 74 consecutive patients were evaluated to compare the incidence and nature of complications in procedures guided by fluoroscopy versus those guided by echocardiography. Sixty biopsy procedures were guided by fluoroscopy and 171 by two-dimensional echocardiography. The right interventricular septum was the target site for biopsy sampling in all patients. Clinical signs of myocardial perforation occurred during one (1.7%) procedure guided by fluoroscopy versus two (1.2%) procedures guided by echocardiography. Two cases of interventricular septal perforation were visualized during the echo-guided procedures. The biopsy specimens were judged to be inadequate for diagnosis in 2.2% of the biopsy procedures, all of which were guided by fluoroscopy. The number of samples obtained during a procedure guided by fluoroscopy was lower (mean 2.3 +/- 1.6) (mean +/- 1 SD) than that taken during a procedure guided by echocardiography (mean 4.0 +/- 1.2). Epicardial or pericardial tissue was present in 5.8% of the samples obtained under fluoroscopic guidance, versus 0.7% of the samples obtained using echocardiography (p = 0.0003). It is concluded that although echocardiography seems to provide more accurate and safer guidance for the positioning of the bioptome toward the septum, the presence of epicardium or pericardium in 0.7% of the samples indicates that inadvertent sampling from the right ventricular free wall cannot be avoided.