Monitoring nitrite, N-nitrosodiethanolamine, and mutagenicity in cutting fluids used in the metal industry.

We carried out an integrated environmental/biological monitoring program to evaluate cancer hazards among metal industry workers exposed to cutting fluids. Several cutting fluids were sampled according to response to a semiquantitative nitrite rapid test in metal factories in central Italy. The nitrite-positive samples were analyzed for nitrite and nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) content and mutagenic activity. The nitrite-negative samples were analyzed only for mutagenicity. Of the total samples, 20.6% were nitrite positive, and all contained NDELA. However, nitrite content was not quantitatively predictive of the NDELA content, which varied enormously among samples (0.3-1900 mg/kg). Nitrite-negative samples were always nonmutagenic. Mutagenicity was found in half the NDELA-containing samples but was not related to nitrite or NDELA content. Nitrite screening of cutting fluids in the field is an interesting method for identifying samples that potentially contain NDELA and other unknown mutagens and, when performed with short-term mutagenicity tests, nitrite screening seems to be a valid tool by which industrial managers and health officers could minimize the health hazards associated with occupational exposure to cutting fluids.