Responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation of the sinus venosus of the toad.

1. The changes in membrane potential produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation were recorded from sinus venosus preparations of the toad, Bufo marinus, in which beating had been prevented by the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, nifedipine. 2. Supramaximal sympathetic stimuli initiated long-lasting excitatory junction potentials which started with the same latencies, some 1 to 2 s, as did sympathetic tachycardias recorded from beating preparations. 3. Brief trains of stimuli increased the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials and shortened their latency of onset. Similarly when excitatory junction potentials were facilitated their latency of onset was shortened. 4. The time courses of excitatory junction potentials were prolonged by cooling the preparation but unchanged when the neuronal uptake of catecholamines was inhibited. 5. In arrested preparations, beta-adrenoceptor activation causes a hyperpolarization, as did the inhibition of phosphodiesterases or the activation of adenylate cyclase. This contrasts with the depolarization produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation which could be mimicked by the rapid application of either adrenaline or noradrenaline but not by beta-adrenoceptor activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition or by adenylate cyclase activation. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the idea that neuronally released adrenaline activates a set of adrenoceptors which are linked to a set of channels by a pathway that does not involve cyclic AMP.