Physical examination of the thrower's elbow.

The physical examination of the thrower's elbow presents the clinician with the clinical challenge of differentially diagnosing specific pathologies. The examination should include a thorough history and a well-organized physical examination, which relies on an extensive knowledge of the functional anatomy of the elbow. The components of an elbow examination include inspection/observation, palpation of bony and soft tissues, range of motion assessment, resisted muscle testing (both manual and mechanical), neurologic testing, and special tests. The special tests commonly performed on the thrower's elbow are the Tinel test, tennis elbow sign, ulnar collateral ligament stability testing, valgus extension overload test, and radiocapitella chondromalacia test. Other tests include radiographic examination, such as computerized tomograph arthrogram and magnetic resonance imaging testing. Information presented in this paper will provide the clinician with a systematic and thorough evaluation process for the thrower's elbow.