Neuropsychology and multiple sclerosis: diagnostic and rehabilitative approaches.

The frequency of cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is rather high and the estimates vary between 43% and 72% depending on the patient samples studied as well as on the methods of cognitive assessment. Despite the great impact of cognitive dysfunction on several aspects of the quality of life, the importance of accurate assessment and rehabilitation of neuropsychological deficits in MS patients has long been ignored. In this article, we first describe tests for the assessment of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. We emphasize that after screening with brief assessment instruments, detailed testing of the basic target deficits is mandatory for the planning of special cognitive training programs. Second, the correlation of certain cognitive deficit patterns with important magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables such as total lesion area, size of the corpus callosum and specific lesion location is outlined in detail. Third, some recommendations are made with regard to general rehabilitation principles such as restitution, compensation and adaptation as well as for special rehabilitation techniques including cognitive retraining of basic deficits and/or training of activities of daily living. Finally, we emphasize that there is a need for the development of tailor-made neuropsychological rehabilitation techniques for MS patients, which take into account the course and stage of the disease as well as the specific psychosocial problems of the individual patient.