Refractory ascites.

The first step in the approach to the ascites patient, after the history and physical examination, is to perform a diagnostic abdominal paracentesis for SAAG to determine whether portal hypertension is present (SAAG 1.1 g/dl or higher) or not (SAAG less than 1.1 gm/dl) (Table 1). Patients without portal hypertension probably do not have liver disease as the cause of their ascites formation and probably should not be treated with dietary sodium restriction and diuretics. Patients with portal hypertension-related ascites usually have chronic parenchymal liver disease and usually require hospitalization for diet education, diuretic treatment, and evaluation of the underlying liver disease. Approximately 90% of patients with ascites due to chronic parenchymal liver disease respond to dietary sodium restriction and diuretics. Because of the poor prognosis associated with ascites, patients who are good candidates for transplantation should be considered for listing when they develop this complication of their underlying liver disease. The 10% of patients with cirrhosis whose ascites is refractory to routine medical treatment must be offered alternative therapy. Transplant candidates should be listed, in my opinion, once they are documented to have diuretic-resistant ascites. Fortunately, alcoholics (who are usually not good candidates for transplantation) who abstain from alcohol may revert from diuretic-resistant to diuretic-sensitive ascites over a period of months. Chronic outpatient therapeutic paracentesis is the most popular short-term treatment for patients with diuretic-resistant ascites. Paracentesis can be used as a "bridge" to alternative therapies or can be continued indefinitely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)