Nutrient-limited microbial growth kinetics: overview and recent advances.

Traditional concepts of nutrient uptake and growth kinetics as linked by cell yield are presented. Phenomena affecting the kinetics are examined along with a discussion of those which lead to ambiguity. Concepts of flux control are presented to help understand the distribution of material along metabolic pathways. Specific affinity is described to relate nutrient accumulation rates to transporter density. It is shown to be a primary kinetic constant and the best available index of nutrient collection ability. As an aid to understanding, specific affinity is reexpressed in terms of membrane permeability. Formulations of nutrient transport rate as a function of cellular composition, particularly transporter and enzyme content and known as janusian kinetics, are described as an improvement to specific affinity theory. Procedures for quantified unidirectional fluxes are reviewed to identify the difference between gross and net transport rates of substrate. Collision frequency theory is used to show that in addition to total biomass, cell size and transporter density should also be included in rate equations describing microbial growth. Theory diversity suggests that one reason for microbial metabolic is that the likelihood of additional collisions of substrate molecules with a cell surface, after an initial collision, requires only a sparse distribution of transporter sites for maximal rate, leaving room for additional transporters able to collect other substrate types.