Dopaminergic regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression and GABA release in the striatum: a review.

1. The majority of neurons in the striatum (caudate-putamen, dorsal striatum; nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum) and in striatal projection regions (the pallidum, the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra reticulata) use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as transmitter and express glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; rate limiting enzyme) in the synthesis of GABA. GABA is the major inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian brain. 2. GAD in brain is present as two isoenzymes, GAD65 and GAD67. GAD65 is largely present as an inactive apoenzyme, which can be induced by nerve activity, while most GAD67 is present as a pyridoxal phosphate-bound permanently active holoenzyme. Thus GAD65 and GAD67 seem to provide a dual system for the control of neuronal GABA synthesis. 3. GAD mRNA expression can be visualised and quantified using in situ hybridisation, and GABA release can be quantified using in vivo microdialysis. 4. Different populations of GABA neurons can be distinguished in both dorsal and ventral striatum as well as in other parts of the basal ganglia. 5. Inhibition of dopaminergic transmission in the striatum by lesion of dopamine neurons or by neuroleptic treatment is followed by an increased release of GABA and increased expression of GAD67 mRNA in a subpopulation of striatal medium-sized neurons which project to the globus pallidus, and increased striatal GAD enzyme activity. 6. Increased dopaminergic transmission by repeated but not single doses of amphetamine is followed by decreased striatal GABA release and decreased GAD67 mRNA expression in a subpopulation of medium-sized neurons in the striatum. 7. Two populations of medium-sized GABA neurons in the striatum seem to be under tonic dopaminergic influence. The majority of these GABA neurons are under inhibitory influence, whereas a small number seem to be stimulated by dopamine. 8. Specific changes in activity in subpopulations of striatal GABA neurons probably mediate the dopamine-dependent hypokinetic syndrome seen in Parkinson's disease and following neuroleptic treatment.