Connections of the auditory forebrain in the pigeon (Columba livia).

Ascending auditory efferents in birds terminate mainly within Field L2, a cytoarchitectonically distinct region of the caudomedial telencephalon. The organization of Field L2, and that of its flanking regions, L1 and L3, was investigated with 14C-2-deoxyglucose (14C-2-DG), cytochrome oxidase, and both retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. Field L2 was found to contain a high concentration of cytochrome oxidase. Following auditory stimulation, 14C-2-DG autoradiography revealed that Field L2 consists of two adjacent but seemingly discontinuous zones, designated Field L2a, which lies ventromedially, and Field L2b, which lies dorsolaterally. Termination of thalamic efferents: The thalamic auditory nuclei ovoidalis (Ov) and semilunaris parovoidalis (SPO) project predominantly upon Field L2, and possibly sparsely upon L1, L3 and the overlying hyperstriatum ventrale (HV). Ov subnuclei project upon L2a and SPO projects predominantly upon L2b. The topography of the projections is inverted along the ventromedial-to-dorsolateral axis of L2, and is in accord with an inverted tonotopic representation of frequencies; high frequencies (< 3.5 kHz) being found in the more ventromedial parts of L2a, and low frequencies and broad band responses in L2b. Intra- and extratelencephalic connections: Field L2a also receives a substantial projection from HV, but the efferent projections of L2a appear confined to adjacent "neostriatal" regions. The subsequent projections of L2b were not identified in this study. L1 and L3 project predominantly to the dorsal neostriatum (Nd) caudolateral to Field L, and have fewer projections to the caudomedial paleostriatum and anterior hyperstriatum accessorium. Nd projects massively upon the ventromedial nucleus of the intermediate archistriatum (Aivm), which has bilateral projections upon the caudomedial telencephalon and is the origin of a major descending pathway having dense terminations surrounding the ovoidalis complex (Ov and SPO), MLd, the lateral lemniscal nuclei, and sparse terminations within SPO itself. It is suggested that within the telencephalon the major components of the auditory pathway consist of cell groups which collectively correspond to the populations of neurons found within the auditory cortex of mammals.