Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the paraventricular nucleus of rats with brainstem hemisections: a microdialysis study.

Immobilization (IMMO) of conscious rats evokes marked increases in release of norepinephrine (NE) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, consistent with a role of NE in the PVN release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and therefore in pituitary-adrenocortical activation during stress. The present study examined the effects of surgical hemisection of the brainstem between the locus ceruleus and rostral portion of the medulla on release of NE in the PVN of the hypothalamus in vivo in conscious rats, at baseline and during IMMO. Concentrations of NE, the intraneuronal NE metabolite dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), and the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured in microdialysate samples obtained beginning 24 h after implantation of a microdialysis probe in the PVN either ipsilateral or contralateral to the hemisection. On the lesioned side, baseline levels of NE, DHPG, and DOPAC were significantly lower and IMMO-induced increases were smaller than in sham-operated rats. Contralateral to the hemisection, DOPAC levels were significantly reduced. Neither baseline levels nor IMMO-induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels differed between lesioned and sham-operated animals. The present results indicate that: (1) NE release in the PVN at baseline and during IMMO depends mainly on ascending medullary tracts from ipsilateral brainstem A1 and A2 catecholaminergic areas, with small contributions from the locus ceruleus and from contralateral medullary cells, and (2) brainstem hemisection does not influence IMMO-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis as indicated by plasma corticosterone levels in conscious rats.