OBJECTIVE: A normal fetal flow velocity profile through the atrioventricular valves early in gestation is characterised by a higher late peak (A) than early peak (E) velocity waveform, whereas the E/A ratio is known to increase throughout pregnancy. This study aims firstly to identify which of the two variables, E or A, is the contributory factor to the increased E/A ratio and secondly to assess the relative influence of gestational age, heart rate, and stroke volume on the flow velocity profile through the fetal mitral valve. DESIGN: Eighty normal fetuses from 18 to 38 weeks of gestation were examined by Doppler echocardiography. The variables measured were E and A waves, the early and late flow velocity integrals (EI and AI), and the total filling velocity integral (TI). The ratios E/A and EI/AI were also calculated. Transvalvar flow was obtained by multiplying TI by mitral area. Associations between Doppler variables and gestational age, heart rate, and stroke volume were assessed by multifactorial Anova and simple or multiple stepwise regression analyses. RESULTS: The results showed that the heart rates found did not affect flow velocity variables. There were only weak correlations between both A and AI values and gestational age (negative) and volume load (positive). With the advance in gestation, a significant increase in the early filling E wave was found. The E wave was also positively correlated with stroke volume. CONCLUSION: Contrary to the accepted concept that changes in fetal E/A ratio are related to an improvement in ventricular compliance, this study shows that only the E wave changes. Although these results cannot establish whether changes in the ventricular relaxation process or volume load are responsible for the progressive increase of the E wave, indirect evidence suggests that ventricular relaxation is in fact the most important contributory factor.
OBJECTIVE: A normal fetal flow velocity profile through the atrioventricular valves early in gestation is characterised by a higher late peak (A) than early peak (E) velocity waveform, whereas the E/A ratio is known to increase throughout pregnancy. This study aims firstly to identify which of the two variables, E or A, is the contributory factor to the increased E/A ratio and secondly to assess the relative influence of gestational age, heart rate, and stroke volume on the flow velocity profile through the fetal mitral valve. DESIGN: Eighty normal fetuses from 18 to 38 weeks of gestation were examined by Doppler echocardiography. The variables measured were E and A waves, the early and late flow velocity integrals (EI and AI), and the total filling velocity integral (TI). The ratios E/A and EI/AI were also calculated. Transvalvar flow was obtained by multiplying TI by mitral area. Associations between Doppler variables and gestational age, heart rate, and stroke volume were assessed by multifactorial Anova and simple or multiple stepwise regression analyses. RESULTS: The results showed that the heart rates found did not affect flow velocity variables. There were only weak correlations between both A and AI values and gestational age (negative) and volume load (positive). With the advance in gestation, a significant increase in the early filling E wave was found. The E wave was also positively correlated with stroke volume. CONCLUSION: Contrary to the accepted concept that changes in fetal E/A ratio are related to an improvement in ventricular compliance, this study shows that only the E wave changes. Although these results cannot establish whether changes in the ventricular relaxation process or volume load are responsible for the progressive increase of the E wave, indirect evidence suggests that ventricular relaxation is in fact the most important contributory factor.
Authors: M R Berk; G Y Xie; O L Kwan; C Knapp; J Evans; T Kotchen; J M Kotchen; A N DeMaria Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 1990-11 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Robert A Levine; Albert A Hagége; Daniel P Judge; Muralidhar Padala; Jacob P Dal-Bianco; Elena Aikawa; Jonathan Beaudoin; Joyce Bischoff; Nabila Bouatia-Naji; Patrick Bruneval; Jonathan T Butcher; Alain Carpentier; Miguel Chaput; Adrian H Chester; Catherine Clusel; Francesca N Delling; Harry C Dietz; Christian Dina; Ronen Durst; Leticia Fernandez-Friera; Mark D Handschumacher; Morten O Jensen; Xavier P Jeunemaitre; Hervé Le Marec; Thierry Le Tourneau; Roger R Markwald; Jean Mérot; Emmanuel Messas; David P Milan; Tui Neri; Russell A Norris; David Peal; Maelle Perrocheau; Vincent Probst; Michael Pucéat; Nadia Rosenthal; Jorge Solis; Jean-Jacques Schott; Ehud Schwammenthal; Susan A Slaugenhaupt; Jae-Kwan Song; Magdi H Yacoub Journal: Nat Rev Cardiol Date: 2015-10-20 Impact factor: 32.419