Oral itraconazole plus nasal amphotericin B for prophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies.

The use of oral itraconazole (200 mg daily) plus nasal amphotericin B (10 mg daily) for prophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis was evaluated in 164 patients with hematological malignancies at risk due to presence of neutropenia and/or steroid therapy. This prophylactic regimen was evaluated for a period of two years. Two hundred and ninety patients with similar characteristics who were observed over the three-year period prior to the introduction of prophylaxis served as historical control group. Environmental surveillance during the study period showed constant contamination of the air with Aspergillus. Prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of proven invasive aspergillosis from 12/290 to 0/164 (p = 0.004), and reduced the mortality rate from 8/290 to 0/164. The incidence of proven plus probable aspergillosis amounted to 34/290 in the control group and 8/164 in the study group (p = 0.01); the mortality rates were 11/290 (3.7%) and 2/164 (1.2%) respectively. All nasal cultures in the study group were negative for Aspergillus. The prophylactic regimen was well tolerated. Larger studies assessing each agent alone and in combination are necessary to confirm these observations.