References in conversation between young and old normal adults.

This study compared the way in which young and elderly adults cooperate to achieve a mutually acceptable reference. Pairs of young and elderly interlocutors performed a repeated referential communication task in which they were asked to converse about arranging complex figures in a particular order. With repetition of the task, both partners, regardless of age, needed fewer words and speaking turns to find mutually acceptable references. However, the older Ss were slower to benefit from the repetition and required more collaborative work to reach an agreement. The elderly were less likely to take previously shared information into account; they produced proportionally less requests for potential elaboration, and they were more likely to be idiosyncratic in their interpretation of the referents.