Local synthesis of both macrophage and T cell cytokines by synovial fluid cells from children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta and IL-6 in synovial fluid was studied in 50 samples of synovial fluid from 44 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) by identifying cytokine production at a single-cell level. Post Ficoll-separated synovial fluid mononuclear cells were permeabilized and then intracellular TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and IL-6 protein production was examined using indirect immunofluorescence and murine anti-cytokine MoAbs. All three cytokines were measured in 37 of the 50 samples. In 25 of the 37 samples there was complete concordance; all three cytokines were present in six and absent in 19 samples. At least one cytokine was present in 27/50 (54%) of synovial fluid samples. Overall, TNF-alpha was detected in 22/49 (45%) samples, TNF-beta in 15/41 (37%) and IL-6 in 16/45 (36%) samples. Five patients had serial arthrocentesis, and in these samples there were two patients who had initially positive cytokine production, which on subsequent measurement was negative; in the other three patients there was no change from the previous cytokine production. We provide evidence that synovial fluid mononuclear cells produce monocyte and T cell cytokines in JRA. These findings suggest a role for both T cell and macrophage products in the pathogenesis of JRA, and the potential for modulation of cytokine production as a target for therapeutic intervention.