Cholecystokinin receptor family. Molecular cloning, structure, and functional expression in rat, guinea pig, and human.

A review of the literature encompassing numerous pharmacological, physiological, and biochemical studies indicates the presence of at least four CCK receptor types, CCKA, CCKB, gastrin, and CG-4 receptors. Multiple subtypes of the CCKAR have been postulated to account for the differences in pharmacology or affinity cross-linking of CCKARs between pancreas and gallbladder and the presence of high and low affinity CCKARs on pancreatic acini. Multiple subtypes of the CCKBR have been postulated to explain the differences in pharmacology and physiology between gastric and gallbladder smooth muscle CCKBRs. We recently cloned and functionally expressed both the CCKAR and the CCKBR from rat, guinea pig, and human. The CCKAR and CCKBR are 48% homologous and constitute a family of receptors within the guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein-coupled superfamily of receptors. Each receptor is highly conserved between species. A single cDNA encoding a single protein is present in both pancreas and gallbladder and can account for both high and low affinity CCKARs found on pancreatic acini when transfected into COS-7 cells. A single cDNA encoding a single CCKBR protein is present in both the central nervous system and the periphery including the gastrointestinal system. Therefore, the gastrin receptor is actually a CCKBR present on parietal cells. Genomic and cDNA library hybridization as well as Northern and Southern hybridization studies among rat, guinea pig, and human species identifies only two members of the CCK receptor family, CCKAR and CCKBR. Although these studies do not identify other closely related members of the CCK receptor family, they do not rule out the existence of other less closely related members. Furthermore, differences in tissue and species-specific posttranslational processing, receptor coupling, and associated membrane protein and lipid heterogeneity may be among some of the other factors that may account for the phenotypic expression of more receptor subtypes than molecular studies would predict.