Parameters of achieving quality anesthesia and hemostasis in surgical endodontics.

Successful management of root structures and soft tissue pathology during endodontic surgical procedures is predicated on achieving both profound anesthesia and effective tissue hemostasis. The degree of anesthesia and hemostasis required depends on the type of endodontic surgical procedure; the more complex and definitive procedures require the greatest extent of vascular control. Predictable methods for achieving successful tissue management are based on the proper use of a vasopressor drug, proper technique and rate of injection, and the use of multiple injection sites. These approaches are designed not only to enhance patient comfort but also to improve visual and manipulative access to the surgical site.