Lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis in pathogenic Neisseria. Cloning, identification, and characterization of the phosphoglucomutase gene.

The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of pathogenic Neisseria is an important factor in disease pathogenesis. Little is known about the genes involved in neisserial LOS biosynthesis. To elucidate specific LOS biosynthetic genes, we screened a Tn916 library that was constructed in Neisseria meningitidis strain NMB. This strain expresses a single LOS that has an molecular mass of 4.5 kDa and binds monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3F11. This library was screened using a mAb panel that recognizes structural differences in neisserial LOS oligosaccharides. A stable LOS mutant of strain NMB was identified which we designated NMB-R6. This mutant expressed an LOS with an molecular mass of approximately 3.1-3.2 kDa and did not bind mAb 3F11. Genomic DNA from this mutant transformed N. meningitidis strain NMB to the tetracycline resistant NMB-R6 phenotype greater than 10(-4)/recipient/micrograms of DNA. In addition, we transformed Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain 1291 (LOS phenotype molecular mass 4.5 kDa, mAb 3F11+) to the NMB-R6 LOS phenotype with N. meningitidis NMB-R6 genomic DNA. Analysis of N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291-R6 LOS by mass spectroscopy showed that the LOS oligosaccharide structure is GlcNAc-->Hep2phosphoethanolamine-->2-keto-3-deoxymannooctuloson ic acid (where Hep is heptose). Sequence analysis showed that the transposon is inserted into the 3' end of a gene that has homology to the human phosphoglucomutase (PGM) gene. Sequence comparison indicated that the putative PGM gene in N. gonorrhoeae 1291 and N. meningitidis NMB had 92% identity at the DNA level. PGM and glucokinase activity was present in cell free extracts of N. meningitidis NMB and N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291. N. meningitidis NMB-R6 and N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291-R6 had no detectable PGM activity, whereas glucokinase activity was similar to the wild type strains. PGM activity can be reconstituted in N. meningitidis strain NMB-R6 by transformation with the cloned PGM gene. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that NMB-R6 transformed with the PGM gene expressed the 3F11+, 4.5-kDa LOS of the parent NMB strain. The inability of N. meningitidis NMB-R6 and N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291-R6 to convert glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate results in the truncated LOS phenotype expressed by these mutants.