Osmotic effects on ram and human sperm membranes in relation to thawing injury.

The effects of hyposmotic and hyperosmotic stresses on ram and human spermatozoa were examined. Human spermatozoa exhibited a precipitate decline in survival at osmolalities below 90 mOsm caused by cells swelling beyond their maximum volume-to-surface area ratio and lysing. Ram spermatozoa exhibited a progressive decline in cell survival at relatively small hyposmotic stresses before exceeding their maximum volume-to-surface area ratio; this prelytic cell loss could be prevented by decreasing the osmolality in a series of 25-mOsm steps. Repeated hyposmotic stress experiments indicated that cells sensitive to prelytic damage constitute a discrete subpopulation within the ram ejaculate. Spermatozoa of both species were apparently resistant to hyperosmotic stresses; human spermatozoa maintained membrane integrity when subject to stresses up to 2.5 Osm and ram spermatozoa up to 1 Osm. However, ram spermatozoa suffered an almost complete and irreversible loss of motility above 600 mOsm. Spermatozoa of both species exposed to hyperosmotic stress and returned to isosmotic conditions exhibited significant cell damage, although ram spermatozoa were the more vulnerable. These observations are related to cryopreservation of spermatozoa.