Specific neuro-cognitive impairments associated with Turner (45,X) and Klinefelter (47,XXY) syndromes: a review.

In Turner syndrome, there is a high incidence of neuro-cognitive impairment specific to the mental processing and sequencing of rotational transformations of shapes in the spatial dimensions of left-right, up-down, and back-front. In Klinefelter syndrome, the corresponding neuro-cognitive impairment is specific to the mental processing of sequence and synchrony in the temporal dimension, including the temporal dimension of language.