Very long-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency presenting with exercise-induced myoglobinuria.

A young man presented with recurrent episodes of muscle pain and myoglobinuria after prolonged exercise or fasting. Studies on isolated muscle mitochondria showed slow flux through beta-oxidation and the presence of only saturated long-chain acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) esters. These results strongly suggested a defect in the dehydrogenation of long-chain acyl-CoA esters that we confirmed by measurement of enzyme activity in muscle and platelet mitochondrial fractions and fibroblast homogenates. In all tissues studied from the patient, the enzyme activity was approximately 10% of control values with acyl-CoA esters from C16-C22 as substrates. We investigated the intramitochondrial location of the deficient acyl-CoA dehydrogenase by subfractionation of platelet mitochondria and, in contrast to the short-chain and medium-chain enzymes, which were localized in the soluble fraction, the majority of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity with long-chain substrates was in the membrane fraction. These studies indicate that in humans, the predominant enzyme catalyzing the dehydrogenation of long-chain acyl-CoA esters is membrane-bound and that deficiency of this enzyme is a cause of muscle pain and rhabdomyolysis.