The Met repressor-operator complex: DNA recognition by beta-strands.

The crystal structure of the E. coli met repressor in complex with a synthetic 19-base pair oligonucleotide reveals two dimeric repressor molecules bound to adjacent sites on the DNA. The oligonucleotide contains two adjacent repeats of an 8-mer known as a met-box, which represents the consensus of the met operator sites. Each met repressor dimer is centered on a met box and interacts with the adjacent dimer through antiparallel alpha-helices, which explained the observed cooperative nature of the binding. DNA binding takes place through the insertion of a beta-ribbon into the major groove of B-form DNA, representing a novel DNA binding motif. Sequence specificity arises from direct interactions between side chains of the beta-strands and the edges of the bases in the major groove. The local DNA conformation confers additional specificity through interactions between protein and the phosphate backbone. The repressor is activated through binding of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), the corepressor, to the face opposite to that used for DNA binding. The lack of significant conformational change upon SAM binding, together with electrostatic calculations, suggests that DNA binding enhancement occurs through long-range electrostatic interactions.