Design of an inductive plethysmograph for ventilation measurement.

We have designed an inductive plethysmograph to obtain a non-invasive measure of ventilation. Two elastic bands containing insulated wires encircle the chest and abdomen--the inductance of each band depends on the enclosed cross sectional area. Each inductive band forms an element in a tank circuit, which determines the resonant frequency of a Colpitts oscillatory. By measuring the oscillatory frequency, we indirectly measure the changes in cross sectional area that occur during breathing. Independent measures of chest and abdominal cross sectional area provide a way to detect both normal breathing and airway obstruction. Magnetic coupling due to the mutual inductance between chest and abdominal bands modulates the desired oscillation frequencies. When modulation is excessive, frequency locking occurs and we cannot make independent measures of chest and abdominal area. We have performed simulations that show that, as the chest and abdominal band oscillator frequencies are sufficiently separated, we decrease modulation and avoid frequency locking. We have compared simulataneous recordings of ventilation using our inductive plethysmography and a commercial impedance pneumograph and spirometer. Recordings of normal ventilation by all methods appear similar; however, our inductive device is less prone than the impedance pneumography to artifacts caused by applied pressure and body movements. In addition, during simulated airway obstruction, signals from the chest and abdominal bands are out of phase--suggesting that the inductive technique may be useful for detecting airway obstruction.