Gastrointestinal and biliary indwelling devices.

Esophageal and biliary stents are indwelling devices used in the treatment of selected gastrointestinal and biliary disorders. Stenting is accepted as a standard procedure for palliation of malignant obstruction of the esophagus and biliary system. Review of the early and late complications associated with these devices is made with emphasis on the clinical and radiographic features. A suggested approach to diagnosis and treatment recommendations are made for each complication that the emergency department physician may encounter.