BACKGROUND: Hypertension affects 50 million persons in the United States and is the most common reason for office visits and prescriptions. This report reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition and provides special attention to concomitant risk factors and issues of adherence. METHODS: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE files dating back to 1986. The key words were "hypertension," "antihypertensive agents," "patient compliance," "cardiovascular risk factors," "isolated systolic hypertension," and "JNC." Additional references were accessed by cross-referencing the bibliographies of the articles obtained in this search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Effective therapeutic pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of hypertension, including stage 1 as reclassified by the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC-V), can greatly reduce mortality for patients. Despite extensive national efforts, 35 percent of hypertensive patients remain unknown, and only 7 percent have their hypertension adequately controlled. Any additional cardiovascular risk factors compound the risk of adverse outcome and can be adversely affected by treatment. JNC-V recommendations regarding equally effective pharmacologic agents are flexible but controversial. The favorable cardioprotective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, and alpha-beta-blockers often make them a more appropriate choice than diuretics or beta-blockers. Practical techniques for improving patient adherence to treatment regimens are also important and should begin when the diagnosis of hypertension is made.
BACKGROUND:Hypertension affects 50 million persons in the United States and is the most common reason for office visits and prescriptions. This report reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition and provides special attention to concomitant risk factors and issues of adherence. METHODS: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE files dating back to 1986. The key words were "hypertension," "antihypertensive agents," "patient compliance," "cardiovascular risk factors," "isolated systolic hypertension," and "JNC." Additional references were accessed by cross-referencing the bibliographies of the articles obtained in this search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Effective therapeutic pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of hypertension, including stage 1 as reclassified by the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC-V), can greatly reduce mortality for patients. Despite extensive national efforts, 35 percent of hypertensivepatients remain unknown, and only 7 percent have their hypertension adequately controlled. Any additional cardiovascular risk factors compound the risk of adverse outcome and can be adversely affected by treatment. JNC-V recommendations regarding equally effective pharmacologic agents are flexible but controversial. The favorable cardioprotective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, and alpha-beta-blockers often make them a more appropriate choice than diuretics or beta-blockers. Practical techniques for improving patient adherence to treatment regimens are also important and should begin when the diagnosis of hypertension is made.