OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of anaemia, iron deficiency and malaria in a malaria-endemic community. DESIGN: Three consecutive cross-sectional surveys (A, B and C) of the whole population made at 6-month intervals and malaria surveillance between the surveys. SETTING: Urupá, a rural community in Western Brazilian Amazon. SUBJECTS: 133 people of all age groups present in at least two cross-sectional surveys. INTERVENTIONS: Anaemic patients received ferrous sulphate during 3 months. Patients parasitized by intestinal nematodes were given mebendazole and parasitologically proven Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria attacks were treated with quinine or chloroquine plus primaquine. RESULTS: Anaemia (haemoglobin concentrations [Hb] below the cut-off values proposed by the World Health Organization) was diagnosed in respectively 10.0% (13 of 130) subjects in survey A, 9.2% (10 of 109) in B and 29.7% (27 of 91) in C. Depleted iron stores [serum ferritin (SF) < 12 micrograms/l] were detected in 10.0% subjects in survey A, 10.1% in B but in only 8.8% subjects in survey C. Concomitant anaemia and low SF was detected in 5.4% subjects in survey A, 3.7% in B and 6.6% in C. Mean Hb from anaemic patients diagnosed and treated during the study (n = 17) raised 1.2 g/dl after iron therapy and most of them (13 of 17, 76.5%) became non-anaemic. The highest malaria transmission was observed between surveys B and C. People who suffered at least one malaria attack during this period (27 of 63) were at a slightly greater risk of subsequent anaemia (odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval 0.81-10.28). CONCLUSIONS: Both malaria and iron deficiency could be considered as important causes of anaemia in this population. SPONSORSHIP: Supported by grants from the UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (no. 890245), the Ministére des Affaires Etrangeres, France, and from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (no. 92/1336-4). M.A.C. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of anaemia, iron deficiency and malaria in a malaria-endemic community. DESIGN: Three consecutive cross-sectional surveys (A, B and C) of the whole population made at 6-month intervals and malaria surveillance between the surveys. SETTING: Urupá, a rural community in Western Brazilian Amazon. SUBJECTS: 133 people of all age groups present in at least two cross-sectional surveys. INTERVENTIONS: Anaemic patients received ferrous sulphate during 3 months. Patients parasitized by intestinal nematodes were given mebendazole and parasitologically proven Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivaxmalaria attacks were treated with quinine or chloroquine plus primaquine. RESULTS:Anaemia (haemoglobin concentrations [Hb] below the cut-off values proposed by the World Health Organization) was diagnosed in respectively 10.0% (13 of 130) subjects in survey A, 9.2% (10 of 109) in B and 29.7% (27 of 91) in C. Depleted iron stores [serum ferritin (SF) < 12 micrograms/l] were detected in 10.0% subjects in survey A, 10.1% in B but in only 8.8% subjects in survey C. Concomitant anaemia and low SF was detected in 5.4% subjects in survey A, 3.7% in B and 6.6% in C. Mean Hb from anaemic patients diagnosed and treated during the study (n = 17) raised 1.2 g/dl after iron therapy and most of them (13 of 17, 76.5%) became non-anaemic. The highest malaria transmission was observed between surveys B and C. People who suffered at least one malaria attack during this period (27 of 63) were at a slightly greater risk of subsequent anaemia (odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval 0.81-10.28). CONCLUSIONS: Both malaria and iron deficiency could be considered as important causes of anaemia in this population. SPONSORSHIP: Supported by grants from the UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (no. 890245), the Ministére des Affaires Etrangeres, France, and from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (no. 92/1336-4). M.A.C. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.
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