Specificity and generality of motivational components in depression: a personal projects analysis.

Features of depression, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), were distinguished from anxiety, as assessed by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and were explored from a goals perspective using the Personal Projects Analysis methodology (B.R. Little, 1983). Depression and anxiety were found to reflect a "negative" appraisal pattern characterized by goals rated high in stress and difficulty, and low in structure, control, perceived skill, and positive outcome expectancy. Depression also revealed distinctive features not found in anxiety (e.g., goals that are perceived as being less visible to important others). A goal-based approach to research and diagnosis is presented, and implications for future research are discussed.