Assessment and interpretation of the tubular threshold for phosphate in infants and children.

Studies in the last decade demonstrated that in children tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption per glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) is identical to TP/GFR; TP indicating tubular phosphate reabsorption under basal conditions, without phosphate load. TP/GFR is calculated from the formula TP/GFR = SP-UP x SCr:UCr, based on simultaneous urine and blood creatinine and phosphate concentrations, and is applicable in both the fasting and non-fasting child. These studies also demonstrated that the use of Walton and Bijvoet nomogram in children may result in overestimation of TmP/GFR compared with TP/GFR calculated from the above formula. When using the formula, one should bear in mind that creatinine is used to express GFR and as a result a significant deviation from true GFR may occur in patients with renal failure. Therefore when employing TP/GFR for the investigation of the renal handling of phosphate in children, three factors should be taken into consideration: (1) the formula in reality expresses TP/CCr; (2) only data obtained by exactly the same methodology can be used as reference values; data obtained from studies in which the nomogram was utilized or in which methods other than CCr were used to measure GFR should not be used for reference; (3) in patients with renal failure, TP/CCr will significantly overestimate TP/Cinulin.