BACKGROUND: Combinations of opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to control pain in the perioperative period, yet there are no quantitative evaluations of the interaction between opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during visceral nociception. This study evaluated the interaction between morphine and ketorolac during visceral nociception in the rat. METHODS: The pressor response to noxious colorectal distention (80 mmHg, 20 s) was evaluated in 29 male Sprague-Dawley rats and dose-response curves were determined for intravenous morphine, ketorolac and the mixture of morphine and ketorolac. The data were interpreted using an isobolographic analysis to establish the nature of the interaction. RESULTS: Intravenous ketorolac alone (8-32 mg/kg) did not have a significant antinociceptive effect, whereas morphine alone (1-4 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception during noxious colorectal distention (dose yielding a 50% reduction in nociceptive response relative to baseline pressor response = 1.7 +/- 0.6 mg/kg). Isobolographic analysis of the antinociceptive interaction demonstrated a highly significant, naloxone-reversible potentiation of intravenous morphine by ketorolac in the rat during visceral nociception (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ketorolac is a powerful potentiator of morphine antinociception during visceral nociception in the rat. However, intravenous ketorolac alone did not demonstrate antinociceptive properties during colorectal distention, a model of acute visceral nociception without a major inflammatory component. These data suggest that ketorolac may have a central modulatory effect on opioid pharmacology and the synergistic effect may be separate from its peripheral antiinflammatory properties. This study encourages further basic as well as clinical evaluations of the improved antinociception provided by combination therapy of opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
BACKGROUND: Combinations of opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to control pain in the perioperative period, yet there are no quantitative evaluations of the interaction between opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during visceral nociception. This study evaluated the interaction between morphine and ketorolac during visceral nociception in the rat. METHODS: The pressor response to noxious colorectal distention (80 mmHg, 20 s) was evaluated in 29 male Sprague-Dawley rats and dose-response curves were determined for intravenous morphine, ketorolac and the mixture of morphine and ketorolac. The data were interpreted using an isobolographic analysis to establish the nature of the interaction. RESULTS: Intravenous ketorolac alone (8-32 mg/kg) did not have a significant antinociceptive effect, whereas morphine alone (1-4 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception during noxious colorectal distention (dose yielding a 50% reduction in nociceptive response relative to baseline pressor response = 1.7 +/- 0.6 mg/kg). Isobolographic analysis of the antinociceptive interaction demonstrated a highly significant, naloxone-reversible potentiation of intravenous morphine by ketorolac in the rat during visceral nociception (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Ketorolac is a powerful potentiator of morphine antinociception during visceral nociception in the rat. However, intravenous ketorolac alone did not demonstrate antinociceptive properties during colorectal distention, a model of acute visceral nociception without a major inflammatory component. These data suggest that ketorolac may have a central modulatory effect on opioid pharmacology and the synergistic effect may be separate from its peripheral antiinflammatory properties. This study encourages further basic as well as clinical evaluations of the improved antinociception provided by combination therapy of opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.