Alterations in beta-catenin phosphorylation and plakoglobin expression in human breast cancer cells.

Because the cell adhesion molecule epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) is absent in many invasive carcinomas, we transfected the E-cadherin gene into E-cadherin-negative, invasive breast cancer cell lines BT549 and HS578t to investigate the role of E-cadherin in invasive behavior. Although the transfected E-cadherin could mediate calcium-dependent aggregation to E-cadherin-transfected L-cells, morphology and invasiveness of the breast cancer cells were not altered. We investigated the strength of the linkage of the transfected E-cadherin to the actin cytoskeleton by examining the Triton X-100 solubility of the transfected E-cadherin. In BT549 and HS578t cells, a large proportion of the transfected E-cadherin was Triton soluble, whereas in E-cadherin-positive MCF-7 cells, Triton-insoluble E-cadherin was apparent at cell-cell borders. Interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton is thought to be mediated by the E-cadherin-binding proteins alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin. We found normal levels of alpha-catenin and beta-catenin in BT549 and HS578t cells; however, low levels of plakoglobin were expressed in these cells compared to those found in weakly invasive MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin were elevated in E-cadherin-transfected BT549 and HS578t cells compared to MCF-7 cells. We conclude that other factors such as the expression and appropriate posttranslational modification of cadherin-associated proteins must be in place for E-cadherin to be fully functional, i.e., to alter invasiveness. During cancer progression, loss of E-cadherin expression itself or multiple other mechanisms that lead to loss of cell-cell adhesion (mutation, loss of catenin expression, alterations in phosphorylation) may contribute to a more metastatic phenotype.