Structural analysis and classification of lipocalins and related proteins using a profile-search method.

A three-dimensional profile method of detecting amino-acid sequences compatible with the tertiary structure of any protein has been applied to the lipocalin family of 8-stranded beta-barrels. Profiles derived from six well-resolved lipocalin crystal structures were used to search a comprehensive, non-redundant protein sequence database. Each profile identified a sub-group of lipocalin sequences although no single profile was sufficient to identify the whole family. The alpha-1-acid glycoprotein sub-family was not identified by any lipocalin profile, indicating that known sequence differences in otherwise well conserved regions of these proteins may be reflected in structural differences. The predicted similarity between the beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-2u-globulin structures was much more marked than the similarity between their sequences, and alpha-1-microglobulin sequences were found to be compatible with the structure of epididymal retinoic acid binding protein which has an additional long C-terminal helix. Proteins of unknown structure which were predicted to be compatible with the lipocalin fold include a human mucin. In cases where a large protein family of low overall sequence similarity contains a small number of known structures, this technique can be useful in determining or confirming subtle structural relationships between family members.