Family dynamics in end-of-life treatment decisions.

The decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment is now regularly weighed in chronic or terminal illness. Families are usually supportive advocates and concerned surrogate decision makers for patients, although they can also counter the wishes of the patient and disagree with the treatment team. Understanding the range of factors--internal and external, confronting the individual members and the family as a whole--that can influence family responses helps in working with families at this critical juncture in an illness. Interventions to assist the family and treatment team are discussed.