Synergy between dexamethasone and interleukin-5 for the induction of major histocompatibility complex class II expression by human peripheral blood eosinophils.

The hematopoietic growth factors interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulate the survival, maturation, and activation of eosinophils. Corticosteroids in contrast have a negative effect both on the hematopoietic process and the function of eosinophils. We have unexpectedly observed synergy between IL-5 and glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and hydrocortisone for induction of the MHC class II antigens HLA-DR and HLA-DP on eosinophils isolated from human blood. Similarly glucocorticoids enhanced GM-CSF and IL-3, but not interferon gamma (IFN gamma), induced expression of these antigens. Expression of a third MHC class II molecule, HLA-DQ, was not induced on eosinophils by any of the cytokines alone, but in one of three donors tested, IL-3 plus dexamethasone induced high levels of expression. Although cytokine-induced expression of the accessory molecule intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was partially inhibited by glucocorticoids, cytokine- and dexamethasone-treated eosinophils presented antigen more efficiently to a hemagglutinin peptide-specific T-cell clone than eosinophils treated with cytokine alone. These results highlight a potential new role for endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid hormones in enhancing MHC class II expression by eosinophils.