The evolution of counterpulsation techniques.

Assisted circulation techniques are an outgrowth of extracorporeal pump oxygenator systems developed in the mid 1950s. But the differences in physiology of total perfusions and of parital perfusions for assisting circulation delayed the clinical application of the intra-aortic balloon. The problems and risks in providing circulation assistance and the approaches used to overcome them are discussed. The various counterpulsation techniques are described and data presented to demonstrate the increased survival in patients with myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.