Urinary enzymes and low molecular weight proteins as markers of tubular dysfunction.

Reference intervals of different tubular markers, that is, low molecular weight proteins and urinary enzymes, show divergent data and wide ranges. The problems in establishing reference intervals for the tubular markers are caused by the necessarily different analytical methods. Also, the general rules of determining reference limits as well as the numerous physiological variables influencing tubular function are often not sufficiently taken into consideration. Compared to blood components, urinary tubular markers show a wide variability of values. This is due to the fact that the excretion of enzymes and proteins into urine represents an excretion into an open system. The influences of variables like age, sex, physical exercise, different urine flow rates, and biorhythms are immediately reflected by changed excretion rates of tubular markers. The problems occurring when the second morning urine sample is being used as a "standardized" collection method and the basis to characterize tubular function by analyte/creatinine ratios are discussed in this paper.