Phonological awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English.

It is well known that phonological awareness is closely related to reading skill in children who are learning to read an alphabetic script such as English. In this study, the relationship between phonological awareness and reading skill was also investigated in children living in Hong Kong and Taiwan who were learning to read Chinese. This is because children from Taiwan learn a phonological script, known as Zhu-Yin-Fu-Hao, before they are taught to read any Chinese characters. In addition, a high proportion of Chinese characters contain a "phonetic" component which might be used by Chinese readers when they are recognising Chinese words. Consequently, the performance of 137 8-year-old primary children from Britain, Hong Kong and Taiwan on tests of phonological awareness, visual skills and reading ability was examined. Although there were significant correlations between Chinese reading and phonological awareness, the results of a series of regression analyses did not support the view that differences in phonological awareness per se are a primary cause of differences in reading ability amongst children learning to read Chinese. In contrast, performance on the phonological awareness tests (rhyme and phoneme detection) was significantly related to the reading ability of British children even after the effects of IQ and vocabulary had been partialled out. The results also showed that a test of visual skills (visual paired associates learning) was significantly related to the reading ability of the children in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but not to the reading of the British children. In addition, the nature of rhyme and phoneme deletion skills differed in children from Britain and Hong Kong. Whereas British children found it more difficult to delete the first phoneme from an initial consonant blend (e.g., deleting /s/ from star) than from a word which contained a single consonant before the vowel (e.g., deleting /s/ from sit), children from Hong Kong showed exactly the opposite pattern. In addition, performance on a phoneme deletion test appeared to be strongly influenced by whether or not the child had learnt an alphabetic script in the language in which they were being tested.