Endoscopic techniques in neurosurgery.

Endoscopic techniques have been utilized in neurosurgery for nearly a century. The history of application of these techniques is reviewed. Because of recent improvements in optics, microinstrumentation, and other associated technologies endoscopy has begun to have an impact on neurosurgery. Documented uses of these techniques are reviewed. Greater experience with the techniques, along with continued improvements in the technology, has the potential to result in broadened applications. These procedures can be performed quickly, safely, and effectively, and in selected applications may reduce tissue trauma, risks associated with surgery, hospital stays, and costs. Neuroendoscopy presents exciting possibilities for the future.