Efficacy of rowing, backward wheeling and isolated scapular retractor exercise as remedial strength activities for wheelchair users: application of electromyography.

Shoulder dysfunction due to regular wheelchair use is a common problem among people with spinal cord injuries. As a remedial measure, strengthening of the scapular retractor muscles has been suggested. Electromyographical analysis was utilized to examine scapular retraction muscle use during rowing, backward wheeling and a standardized scapular retraction exercise in seven people with spinal cord injuries and seven able bodied subjects. In addition, a pilot study using indwelling electrodes was completed to validate the use and placement of surface electrodes. Both rowing and the standardized scapular retraction exercise recruited higher levels of retractor involvement than backward wheeling. We suggest that rowing, because of its value as a cardiovascular exercise and high level of retractor recruitment, is an appropriate and effective means of remediating scapular retractor weakness.