Phase-amplitude resetting of the human circadian pacemaker via bright light: a further analysis.

We present here an analysis of strong, weak, and critical bright-light resetting trials in humans, and report not only phase but also amplitude data for the first time. For this analysis, an appropriate iterative smoothing procedure for phase transition curves is introduced, in which the data are sequenced so as to minimize the perpendicular distance from the data to the smoothed fit. From these smoothed data, we create polar phase-amplitude resetting maps (PARMs) in order to fully illustrate the effects of the resetting stimuli on both circadian amplitude and phase, and thereby to determine whether these resetting results can be described by a phase-only model or whether a phase-amplitude model is required. Our results indicate that a single 5-hr episode of bright light induces weak type 1 resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Two cycles of exposure to the same stimulus on consecutive days induce critical resetting, in which significant amplitude reduction may be observed. A three-cycle stimulus induces strong type 0 resetting with different effects on circadian amplitude, depending on the initial phase of the stimulus application. When a three-cycle stimulus is centered near the nadir of the temperature cycle, large phase shifts are achieved via amplitude suppression. However, when this stimulus is centered away from the temperature nadir, smaller phase shifts are achieved in which both small increases and small decreases in circadian amplitude are observed. These data indicate that the human circadian pacemaker is not a simple, phase-only oscillator. Instead, a full description of human circadian resetting responses to light requires analysis of both phase and amplitude data--a finding that is consistent with a phase-amplitude model of the circadian resetting mechanism.