Stimulus-dependent alterations in macrophage microtubules: increased tubulin polymerization and detyrosination.

Murine macrophage microtubules are very dynamic. The majority of the microtubules (approximately 80%) exist in a rapidly depolymerizing pool (t1/2 approximately 30 seconds). The remaining 20% of the microtubules are in a more slowly depolymerizing pool (t1/2 approximately 7 minutes). Macrophage microtubules are responsive to cell stimulation with phorbol esters; upon cell stimulation there is a rapid increase in total microtubule polymer and number. In addition there is stimulus-induced detyrosination of alpha-tubulin in macrophage microtubules that is rapid and essentially complete, occurring in all microtubules rather than a subset of microtubules. Detyrosination of the macrophage microtubules in response to phorbol esters does not confer increased stability to these microtubules, since treated cells have nocodazole-induced depolymerization kinetics similar to that in non-stimulated macrophages. Regrowth of microtubules following washout of nocodazole is also rapid. Interestingly the regrown microtubules are initially in the tyrosinated form even in the presence of phorbol ester. These experiments provide in vivo support for the model that detyrosination of alpha-tubulin occurs in polymeric tubulin while retyrosination occurs in dimeric tubulin. Macrophage microtubules also demonstrate an unusually rapid response to extracellular stimuli and thus provide a unique model system in which to examine signal transduction events and modulation of microtubules.