Production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger immobilized on polyurethane foam.

Production of gluconic acid by cells of Aspergillus niger immobilized on polyurethane foam was studied in repeated-batch shake-flask and bubble-column fermentations. For passive immobilization, various amounts of polyurethane foam and spore suspension were tested in order to obtain a suitable combination for optimal concentration of immobilized biomass. Immobilized cells were successfully reused with higher levels of product formation being maintained for longer period (65-70 h) than free cells. The highest gluconic acid concentration of about 143 g l-1 was reached on hydrol-based production medium with 0.3-cm3 foam cubes in the bubble column, where the effect of more suitable aeration and particle volume: medium volume ratio scheme was also investigated.