Functional regulation of thyroid hormone receptor variant TR alpha 2 by phosphorylation.

The thyroid hormone (T3) receptor (TR) variant TR alpha 2 is abundant in brain but does not bind T3 because of its unique C terminus. The only known function of TR alpha 2, inhibition of TR-dependent transactivation, involves competition for T3 response elements. Paradoxically, in vitro-translated TR alpha 2 bound poorly to these sites. We report here that dephosphorylation of TR alpha 2 restored its DNA binding. Mutation of C-terminal serine residues to alanine (TR alpha 2-SA) was equally effective. The C terminus of TR alpha 2 was phosphorylated in a human cell line, whereas that of TR alpha 2-SA was not. Conversely, TR alpha 2-SA was a much better inhibitor of T3 action than was wild-type TR alpha 2. The dominant negative activity of TR alpha 2-SA was less than stoichiometric with TR concentration, possibly because it was unable to heterodimerize with retinoid X receptor, which enhances the binding of other TRs. Purified casein kinase II as well as a reticulocyte casein kinase II-like activity phosphorylated TR alpha 2 on serines 474 and 475. Mutation of these two residues to alanine was sufficient to restore DNA binding. Thus, DNA binding by TR alpha 2 is regulated by phosphorylation at a site distant from the DNA-binding domain. The increased dominant negative activity of a nonphosphorylatable form of TR alpha 2 suggests that phosphorylation may provide a rapid, T3-independent mechanism for cell-specific modulation of the expression of T3-responsive genes.