Core and comprehensive health care services: 3. Ethical issues.

The CMA's Working Group on Core and Comprehensive Health Care Services recognizes ethics to be one of the three key factors in determining which services should be publicly funded. The role of ethics is to identify and make explicit the principles and values, at individual and societal levels, that lie behind judgements and positions. Two types of ethical issues are addressed: one deals with the criteria for these services and the other with the process to be followed. The five ethical criteria discussed are fairness, age, lifestyle, the identifiable versus the statistical patient, and futility. An ethical process incorporates appropriate roles for the public physicians and payers (government) and accountability of all participants. A provided checklist for determining a fair process asks such questions as Do potential users of a service, its providers and the public have an adequate say in the decision about whether the service should be publicly funded? Are the reasons for the decision communicated to those affected by it? and is the service being denied to potential users on the basis of unfair discrimination or lifestyle?