Microwave technology in diagnostic neuropathology.

The microwave oven has a large range of potential applications in diagnostic neuropathology, ranging from tissue fixation and processing for light and electron microscopy to immunocytochemistry and molecular neuropathology. This review highlights the major current applications for the microwave oven and emphasises areas of particular recent interest. Established microwave techniques are discussed and suggested modifications to published staining techniques are included. Future potential diagnostic applications of microwave technology are emphasised, particularly in terms of in situ hybridisation and immunocytochemistry. Although many microwave techniques for use in diagnostic neuropathology are clearly established, widespread use of the microwave oven has not yet occurred in most neuropathology laboratories. The reasons for this apparent delay and some occasional difficulties in the use of the microwave oven are discussed. Increasing clinical demand for rapid diagnosis (particularly with the use of stereotactic brain biopsy techniques in providing tissue specimens for surgical neuropathology) will enable neuropathologists and laboratory technical staff alike to reconsider the use of the microwave oven for many laboratory techniques and reassess the wide range of potential applications and benefits that this useful tool has to offer.