Inhibitory effects of alpha-interferon on epidermal growth factor-mediated receptor-dependent events.

To examine the mechanisms by which alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) inhibits growth factor-mediated proliferative responses, we examined specific ligand-activated, receptor-dependent events. In direct ligand binding studies, we showed that IFN-alpha treatment of cells leads to a reduction in epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor recognition at the cell surface, coupled with an alteration in the binding characteristics of EGF for its specific receptors. Specifically, the heterogeneity of binding exhibited by EGF was affected, and there was loss of the high affinity binding component. EGF-induced autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor was unaffected by IFN treatment. The trafficking of EGF-receptor complexes was followed using three-dimensional confocal microscopy. Confocal imaging revealed that the rapid internalization of EGF-receptor complexes was significantly reduced when cells were exposed to IFN. Accompanying the IFN-induced changes in receptor binding characteristics, we identified an alteration in EGF receptor gene expression; when cells were treated with IFN-alpha, elevated RNA levels specific for the EGF receptor were detected. Overall, IFN-alpha treatment inhibited EGF-induced cell proliferation. Our results imply that EGF-bound receptors that are unable to internalize are not fully competent with respect to signal regulation of both gene expression and growth. The data suggest that the signaling potential of the bound growth factor-receptor complex is apparently increased by an unspecified, species-specific, high affinity binding component. We propose that IFN treatment of responsive cell prevents the interaction of EGF-bound receptor with this component.