Improving spatial and temporal resolution in evoked EEG responses using surface Laplacians.

Spline generated surface Laplacian temporal wave forms are presented as a method to improve both spatial and temporal resolution of evoked EEG responses. Middle latency and the N1 components of the auditory evoked response were used to compare potential-based methods with surface Laplacian methods in the time domain. Results indicate that surface Laplacians provide better estimates of underlying cortical activity than do potential wave forms. Spatial discrimination among electrode sites was markedly better with surface Laplacian than with potential wave forms. Differences in the number and latencies of peaks, and their topographic distributions, were observed for surface Laplacian, particularly during the time period encompassing the middle latency responses. Focal activities were observed in surface Laplacian wave forms and topographic maps which were in agreement with previous findings from auditory evoked response studies. Methodological issues surrounding the application of spline methods to the time domain are also discussed. Surface Laplacian methods in the time domain appear to provide an improved way for studying evoked EEG responses by increasing temporal and spatial resolution of component characteristics.